My friend and I arrived here, having originally intended to visit Parc Guell, around 3:00 in the afternoon. We wanted to visit this museum, but what we could not have anticipated was how big this museum is! Furthermore, in my experience price is often correlated with the time you can expect to spend somewhere (not perfectly correlated, but this is often true to an extent). In CosmoCaixa, this is not true at all! This place is really cheap compared to most attractions, with or without a Barcelona card, but we spent 4 hours there and didn't do everything! Expect to be here a while folks!
I'll try and describe the layout of the place during our visit, though if there is a specific path you're supposed to take, we didn't! We started at the top next to the souvenir shop. There is a very tall tree in the middle of a spiraling staircase, but before you start to descend, there are plenty of pieces around the staircase to view! After that we descended right to the bottom, past the planetarium, which we unfortunately didn't visit. At the base, there is an aquarium right at the back, and a huge room of attractions and pieces to view. There is a mirror exhibit, a geological exhibit (slightly elevated from the main room), and then in the middle you've got everything! We were in this section of the museum until closing.
It's a definite visit and of course you can go through the museum at your own speed, and pick and choose what you want to look at while you're there. Be wary of children running around and taking control of the thing you're using! It's a fantastic museum and we spent a whole afternoon there!